Magnetic materials are used in various industries. Electrical and radio engineering, electronics, instrument engineering, computer equipment, marine, aviation and space navigation, geophysical methods of mineral exploration, automation and telemechanics are unthinkable without use today magnetic-solid et soft magnetic alloys. In addition, magnetic flaw detection and magnetic inspection methods are also widely used. Magnetic materials are used to manufacture magnetic circuits for generators, motors, transformers, relays, magnetic amplifiers, magnetic memory elements, compass needles, magnetic recording devices, and more.
IN material, which described the general magnetic properties of substances, we found that ferromagnets, depending on the ease of magnetization, are divided into soft magnetically and magnetically hard. Products made of soft magnetic precision alloys are easily magnetized, but this magnetism is usually temporary.
Hard magnetic alloys are precision alloys with predetermined technical parameters that have a high magnetism value. In other words, they are difficult to magnetize but retain their magnetism afterwards. They are used for the manufacture of permanent magnets used in various equipment, electromagnetic recording devices, TV focusing devices, microphones, electrical measuring devices, microelectronics, microwave devices and other equipment.
Compared to DC electromagnets, hard magnetic alloys have a number of advantages, for example, increased efficiency, savings in materials and energy consumption, and economic and technical benefits of use.
To obtain a high coercive force (the value of the external magnetic field strength necessary for complete demagnetization) in the production of hard magnetic alloys, in addition to choosing the chemical composition, technologies are used that optimize the crystal structure and complicate the remagnetization process: hardening steels for martensite, dispersive hardening of alloys, creating high internal mechanical stresses, foreign inclusions at high magnetostriction, and others. As a result, the processes of shifting domain boundaries are hampered. In highly coercive alloys, the magnetic texture is created by cooling them in a strong magnetic field.
The most important components for hard magnetic alloys are iron, nickel et aluminum. At the same time, Fe-Ni-Al alloys are not used without alloying elements due to their relatively low magnetic properties. The most common alloys are those alloyed with copper and cobalt.
To decipher the composition of the alloy, they are used marauders — databases with detailed systematized information on the properties of steels and alloys. There you can find information about the purpose, classification, substitutes, chemical composition, temperature of critical points, physical, mechanical, technological and foundry properties of various steels and alloys.
