Permendur

Permendur — soft magnetic alloy based on iron and cobalt with the addition of vanadium. It is able to achieve high saturation magnetization with minimal energy consumption. It is widely used in electrical engineering, radio engineering, mechanical engineering and many other industries. This material is indispensable in cases where maximum magnetic induction is required with low hysteresis losses.

Permendur was developed in 1929 in the United States, at Bell Laboratories, by engineer Gustav Elmen. Inspired by the need to create a highly magnetized material, Elmen developed an alloy that became the basis for many innovations in electromagnetic technology.

The chemical composition and properties of the permendure

The permendure consists of iron (47-50%) and cobalt (48-50%) with the addition of a small amount of vanadium (1.5-2%). The composition may vary depending on the alloy grade.

• 49K2FA — consists of 47.21— 50.32% iron, 48— 50% cobalt, 1.7— 2.0% vanadium.
• 49K2F — includes Fe 46.71— 50.3%, Co 48— 50%, V 1.7— 2.1%.
• 49KF — Fe 47.01— 50.7%, Co 48— 50%, V 1.3— 1.8%.

Vanadium regulates the processability of the material for further processing of metal by pressure. Cobalt — affects magnetic permeability: the more Co, the higher the alloy's ability to be saturated with a magnetic field. Iron enhances magnetic properties, but cannot provide high magnetization without cobalt.

Interpretation of the permendure alloy marking

The designation of stamps is deciphered as follows:

• 49 — the percentage of cobalt in the alloy, which varies from 48 to 50%.
• TO — indicates that the main element in the alloy is cobalt.
• 2 — indicates the vanadium content (in 49K2F, vanadium will be 1.7— 2.1%).
• F — addition of vanadium as the main alloying component.

Letter BUT at the end of the brand, it indicates the minimum amount of sulfur and phosphorus in the alloy.

Technical characteristics of the permendure

Permendur is known for its unique magnetic properties, which ensure its use in high-tech devices that require high accuracy and efficiency.

• Initial magnetic permeability: 700—1000 mgN/m. It means that the alloy is effectively magnetized even in weak magnetic fields.
• Maximum magnetic permeability: 5500—50,000 mgN/m. Indicates that the alloy can accumulate much more magnetic flux compared to conventional materials such as electrical steels.
• Coercive force: less than 140 A/m, which, combined with high magnetic permeability, allows the permendure to be easily magnetized and demagnetized.
• Saturation magnetostriction: (60—100) ·10^—6. This value shows that the material hardly changes its physical dimensions when magnetized.
• Saturation magnetization: 2—2.3 TL, which is one of the highest rates among soft magnetic materials.
• Curie temperature: 940—980°C, which makes it possible to use the permendure in devices operating at high temperatures.

The electrical resistance of the permendure is relatively low, which helps to reduce energy losses due to eddy currents and increase efficiency in devices that use alternating magnetic flux.

Manufacturing process and processing features

To obtain the required structure and magnetic properties, the permendur must be heat treated. After machining, the material is usually annealto restore its magnetic characteristics. Permendure alloys are produced in vacuum-induction furnaces, which makes it possible to achieve high accuracy and stabilize magnetic properties.

To obtain materials with increased magnetic characteristics, a special cooling process is used — at a controlled rate (no more than 100°C/h). This is critical for achieving saturation magnetization at the level of 2—2.3 T.

The use of permendure tape

Permendure alloy is used in various high-tech areas where it is necessary to minimize energy losses when working with magnets and electromagnetic equipment. Permendur is also used in the manufacture of speakers, phone membranes and magnets for various devices that require high magnetic induction and low losses.

Permendur tape is one of the most popular types of rolled metal products made from this alloy. For example, 49KF permendure tape or 49K2FA permendure tape are widely used in electromagnetic devices such as transformers and electric motors.

Due to its high magnetic permeability and resistance to external influences, 49KF permendure tape is ideal for use in magnetic cores, coils and other elements of electromagnetic systems.

How to order permendure and products based on it

If you need alloy permendure or permendure metal products, you can contact PZPS. We offer various forms of delivery:

• 49K2FA-VI permendure tape.
• Permendure forgings.

To order products please contact our sales department, and he will advise you in detail on all issues related to purchase and delivery Permendur tapes or other types of metal products. We are always ready to offer you optimal conditions collaborations and guarantee high quality precision alloys.