The stretch chart is a key tool in determining mechanical properties, which is actively used in engineering research and production. This graph illustrates the relationship between the force applied to the sample and the deformation that occurs in it, which helps to assess the behavior of the material under load. By constructing and analyzing a diagram, engineers can draw conclusions about the strength, ductility, and brittleness of the workpiece and make important decisions about choosing steels and alloys for various projects.
The process of building a diagram consists of several stages, each of which is important for the accuracy of the data obtained:
Three characteristic areas can be seen on each stretch diagram. The first one is called elastic deformation zone. On it, changes in the size and shape of the workpiece are directly proportional to the applied stress. After removing this load, the material is able to return to its original state. The second section reflects uniform plastic deformation workpieces. In this zone, the material will no longer be able to restore its original shape after removing the load. The third section — concentrated neck deformity. With an appropriate load stuff becomes thinner in one place (a neck forms), which leads to the destruction of the sample.
To prevent the test results from being affected by the initial geometric parameters of the sample, the diagram obtained during the study is converted into a conditional one in the “stress-strain” coordinates. In this case, the strength and elongation are compared with the initial values of the cross-sectional area and the length of the workpiece. This diagram is called conditional because it reflects stress and deformation relative to the initial parameters, which gives a more accurate idea of the properties of the material regardless of the physical size of the sample.
Using stretch diagrams, engineers evaluate a number of important mechanical properties of materials:
The characteristics determined using a tensile diagram help designers draw conclusions about the suitability of steel or alloy for specific tasks.
The shape of the diagram makes it easy to determine whether the test sample is ductile or brittle. Plastic materials like silver, gold, copper, aluminum or low-carbon steel has a pronounced yield area and a significant tensile strength, which indicates their ability to be severely deformed before destruction. In turn, brittle materials, such as cast iron, ceramics or glass, do not show a noticeable flow area, their strength and fluidity limits almost coincide, and destruction occurs quickly and without significant deformations.
The difference between the types of materials presented is also reflected in the nature of their destruction. On samples made of ductile steels and alloys, a pronounced neck forms before breaking, and the rupture occurs at an angle of approximately 45° to the axis of tension. This feature is clearly visible on flat-shaped workpieces. Fragile materials are destroyed along a plane across the axis of the applied load. At the same time, there is no pronounced neck on the sample.
The analysis of tension diagrams is extremely important for controlling and improving the production of precision alloys. These diagrams test the properties and quality of alloys for various purposes, including:
These alloys are tensile tested at different stages of their processing, which makes it possible to strictly control quality and adapt production processes to improve mechanical properties.
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